An Investigation of SDF1/CXCR4 Gene Polymorphisms in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Family-Based Study

OBJECTIVE: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a complex pathophysiology including genetic, inflammatory and neurodevelopmental components. We aim to investigate the relationship between ASD and gene polymorphisms of stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4), which may affect inflammatory and neurodevelopmental processes. METHODS: 101 children diagnosed with ASD aged 2–18 and their biological parents were included in the study. All participants were assessed using an information form and the Children were assessed using Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). SDF-1 G801→A and CXCR4 C13→T polymorphisms were detected by genetic techniques. The results were evaluated using the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and haplotype relative risk (HRR). RESULTS: Following TDT evaluation for CXCR4, the assumption of equality was not rejected (χ²=1.385, p=0.239). HRR for the C allele was 1.037 [HRR (95%CI)=0.937 (0.450–2.387), χ²=0.007, p=0.933] and HRR for the T allele was 0.965 [HRR (95%CI)=0.965 (0.419– 2.221), χ²=1.219, p=0.270], but the findings were statistically insignificant. Based on TDT evaluation for SDF1, the assumption of equality cannot be rejected (χ²=0, p=0.999). HRR for the A allele was 0.701 [HRR (95%CI)=0.701 (0.372–1.319), χ²=1.219, p=0.270] and HRR for the G allele was 1.427 [HRR (95%CI)=1.427 (0.758–2.686), χ²=1.219, p=0.270], but the findings were statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION: The genetic screening of blood samples from mother, father and child trios could not show a significant association between SDF1/CXCR4 genes and ASD on the basis of TDT and HRR tests. More extensive genetic studies are now needed to investigate the relationship between SDF1/CXCR4 gene polymorphisms and ASD.

Self-Injury and Suicide Attempt in Relation with Trauma and Dissociation among Adolescents with Dissociative and Non-Dissociative Disorders

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of trauma and dissociation over self-injurious behaviors (SIB) and suicide attempts (SA) in adolescents. METHODS: A total of 207 adolescents participated in the study. After conducting diagnostic interview, participants were divided into five groups as subjects with dissociative disorders (DD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (AD), and a control group (CG) without any psychiatric disorder. ADHD, MDD and AD groups were considered as non-dissociative disorders (non-DD group) in the present study. RESULTS: There is no significant difference between groups in terms of number and age of the subjects (p>0.05). Among all participants SIB was reported in 32.2% of females (n=37) and 25% of males (n=23) while SA was reported in 29.6% of females (n=34) and 4.4% of males (n=4). Adolescents with DD were found to experience higher rates of SIB and SA than the other groups. Dissociation was the most important variable contributing to SIB and female gender was the most efficient variable for SA. Total trauma scores were also found to be significantly higher in DD group followed by non-DD and CG respectively. CONCLUSION: SIB and SA are complex behavioral problems which may be associated with many psychiatric factors. However higher level dissociation seems as an important mediating factor, even regardless of psychiatric diagnosis, in the development of SIB and SA. More research is needed to further explore the factors effective over SIB and SA in adolescents.